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Chain store

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A chain store or retail chain is a <a href="Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> outlet in which several locations share a <a href="Brand" title="Brand">brand</a>, <a href="Management" title="Management">central management</a> and standardized business practices. They have come to dominate many retail markets, dining markets, and service categories in many parts of the world. A <a href="Franchising" title="Franchising">franchise</a> retail establishment is one form of a chain store. In 2005, the world's largest retail chain, <a href="Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>, became the world's largest corporation based on gross sales.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

In 1792, <a href="Henry_Walton_Smith" title="Henry Walton Smith">Henry Walton Smith</a> and his wife Anna established <a href="WHSmith" title="WHSmith">W.H. Smith</a> as a news vending business in <a href="London" title="London">London</a> that would become a national concern in the mid-19th century under the management of their grandson <a href="William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">William Henry Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-HIS-3">[3]</a> The world's oldest national retail chain, the firm took advantage of the <a href="History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain#1830–1922:_Early_development" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain">railway boom</a> during the <a href="Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> by opening news-stands at <a href="Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">railway stations</a> beginning in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-HIS-3">[3]</a> The firm, now called WHSmith, had more than 1,400 locations as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

In the U.S., chain stores likely began with J. Stiner & Company, which operated several tea shops in <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> around 1860.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> By 1900, <a href="George_Huntington_Hartford" title="George Huntington Hartford">George Huntington Hartford</a> had built <a href="The_Great_Atlantic_%26_Pacific_Tea_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company">The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company</a>, originally a tea distributor based in New York, into a grocery chain that operated almost 200 stores. Dozens of other grocery, drug, tobacco, and variety stores opened additional locations, around the same time, so that retail chains were common in the United States by 1910. Several state legislatures considered measures to restrict the growth of chains, and in 1914 concern about chain stores contributed to passage of the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

Isidore, Benjamin and Modeste Dewachter <a href="Retail_design" title="Retail design">originated the idea of the chain department store</a> in Belgium in 1868,<a href="#cite_note-PANTH-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-louisdewis.com-8">[8]</a> ten years before A&P began offering more than coffee and tea. They started with four locations for Maisons Dewachter (Houses of Dewachter): <a href="La_Louvi%C3%A8re" title="La Louvière">La Louvière</a>, <a href="Mons%2C_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a>, <a href="Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> and <a href="Leuze-en-Hainaut" title="Leuze-en-Hainaut">Leuze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PANTH-7">[7]</a> They later incorporated as Dewachter frères (Dewachter Brothers) on January 1, 1875.<a href="#cite_note-ACTS-9">[9]</a> The brothers offered <a href="Ready-to-wear" title="Ready-to-wear">ready-to-wear</a> clothing for men and children and specialty clothing such as riding apparel and beachwear.<a href="#cite_note-louisdewis.com-8">[8]</a> Isidore owned 51% of the company, while his brothers split the remaining 49%.<a href="#cite_note-ACTS-9">[9]</a> Under Isidore's (and later his son Louis') leadership, Maisons Dewachter would become one of the most recognized names in Belgium and France with stores in 20 cities and towns. Some cities had multiple stores, such as <a href="Bordeaux%2C_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordeaux, France">Bordeaux, France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-louisdewis.com-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Louis Dewachter also became an internationally known landscape artist, painting under the pseudonym <a href="Louis_Dewis" title="Louis Dewis">Louis Dewis</a>.

By the early 1920s, chain retailing was well established in the United States, with A&P, <a href="F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">Woolworth's</a>, American Stores, and <a href="United_Cigar_Stores" title="United Cigar Stores">United Cigar Stores</a> being the largest.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> By the 1930s, chain stores had come of age, and stopped increasing their total market share. Court decisions against the chains' price-cutting appeared as early as 1906, and laws against chain stores began in the 1920s, along with legal countermeasures by chain-store groups.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> State taxes on chain stores were upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1931. Between then and 1933, 525 chain-store tax bills were introduced in state legislatures, and by the end of 1933 special taxes on retail chains were in force in 17 states.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

A chain store is characterised by the ownership or franchise relationship between the local business or outlet and a controlling business.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difference_between_a_"chain"_and_formula_retail">Difference between a "chain" and formula retail</h3></div>

While chains are typically "formula retail", a chain refers to ownership or franchise, whereas "formula retail" or "formula business" refers to the characteristics of the business.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> There is considerable overlap because key characteristic of a formula retail business is that it is controlled as a part of a business relationship, and is generally part of a chain. Nevertheless, most codified municipal regulation relies on definitions of formula retail (e.g., <a href="Formula_restaurant" title="Formula restaurant">formula restaurants</a>),<a href="#cite_note-jaffrey_NH-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-sf_use-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-porttownsend-18">[18]</a> in part because a restriction directed to "chains" may be deemed an impermissible restriction on <a href="Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">interstate commerce</a> (in the US), or as exceeding municipal zoning authority (i.e., regulating "who owns it" rather than the characteristics of the business).<a href="#cite_note-park_v_malibu-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-malibu_response_to_park-20">[20]</a> Non-codified restrictions will sometimes target "chains". A municipal ordinance may seek to prohibit "formula businesses" in order to maintain the character of a community and support local businesses that serve the surrounding neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-ilsr-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Retail_apocalypse" title="Retail apocalypse">Retail apocalypse</a></div>

<a href="Brick-and-mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Brick-and-mortar">Brick-and-mortar</a> chain stores have been in decline as retail has shifted to <a href="Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">online shopping</a>, leading to historically high retail vacancy rates.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The hundred-year-old <a href="Radio_Shack" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Shack">Radio Shack</a> chain went from 7,400 stores in 2001 to 400 stores in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="FYE_(retailer)" title="FYE (retailer)">FYE</a> is the last remaining music chain store in the United States and has shrunk from over 1,000 at its height to 270 locations in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 2019, <a href="Payless_ShoeSource" class="mw-redirect" title="Payless ShoeSource">Payless ShoeSource</a> stated that it would be closing all remaining 2,100 stores in the US.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restaurant_chains">Restaurant chains</h2></div>

A restaurant chain is a set of related <a href="Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a> in many different locations that are either under shared corporate ownership or <a href="Franchising" title="Franchising">franchising</a> agreements.<a href="#cite_note-Jakle_Sculle_2002-26">[26]</a> Typically, the restaurants within a chain are built to a <a href="Formula_restaurant" title="Formula restaurant">standard format</a> through architectural prototype development and offer a standard menu and/or services.<a href="#cite_note-jaffrey_NH-16">[16]</a> <a href="Fast_food_restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast food restaurant">Fast food restaurants</a> are the most common, but sit-down restaurant chains also exist.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Restaurant chains locations are often found near <a href="Highway" title="Highway">highways</a>, <a href="Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping malls</a> and densely populated urban or <a href="Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist areas</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3></div>

In 1896, Samuel Isaacs from <a href="Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a>, east London opened the first <a href="Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a> restaurant (as opposed to a take-away) in London, and its instant popularity led to a chain comprising 22 restaurants with locations around London and seaside resorts in southern England including <a href="Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, <a href="Ramsgate" title="Ramsgate">Ramsgate</a> and <a href="Margate" title="Margate">Margate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 1864, the <a href="Aerated_Bread_Company" title="Aerated Bread Company">Aerated Bread Company</a> (ABC) began operating a chain of <a href="Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom#Tea_rooms" title="Tea in the United Kingdom">teashops</a> in Britain. ABC would be overtaken as the leader in the field by <a href="J._Lyons_and_Co." title="J. Lyons and Co.">Lyons</a>, co-founded by <a href="Joseph_Lyons_(caterer)" title="Joseph Lyons (caterer)">Joseph Lyons</a> in 1884. From 1909 Lyons began operating a chain of teashops which became a staple of the <a href="High_Street" title="High Street">High Street</a> in the UK, and at its peak, the firm numbered around 200 cafes.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2></div>

The displacement of <a href="Independent_business" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent business">independent businesses</a> by chains has sparked increased collaboration among independent businesses and communities to prevent chain proliferation. These efforts include community-based organizing through <a href="Independent_Business_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Business Alliance">Independent Business Alliances</a> (in the U.S. and Canada) and "buy local" campaigns. In the U.S., <a href="Trading_company" title="Trading company">trade</a> organizations such as the <a href="American_Booksellers_Association" title="American Booksellers Association">American Booksellers Association</a> and American Specialty Toy Retailers do national promotion and advocacy. <a href="NGOs" class="mw-redirect" title="NGOs">NGOs</a> like the New Rules Project and <a href="New_Economics_Foundation" title="New Economics Foundation">New Economics Foundation</a> provide research and tools for pro-independent business education and policy while the <a href="American_Independent_Business_Alliance" title="American Independent Business Alliance">American Independent Business Alliance</a> provides direct assistance for community-level organizing.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation_and_exclusion">Regulation and exclusion</h2></div>

A variety of towns and cities in the United States whose residents wish to retain their distinctive character—such as <a href="San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>;<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="Provincetown%2C_Massachusetts" title="Provincetown, Massachusetts">Provincetown, Massachusetts</a> and other <a href="Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> villages; <a href="Bristol%2C_RI" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol, RI">Bristol, RI</a>;<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="McCall%2C_Idaho" title="McCall, Idaho">McCall, Idaho</a>; <a href="Port_Townsend%2C_Washington" title="Port Townsend, Washington">Port Townsend, Washington</a>; <a href="Ogunquit%2C_Maine" title="Ogunquit, Maine">Ogunquit, Maine</a>; <a href="Windermere%2C_Florida" title="Windermere, Florida">Windermere, Florida</a> and <a href="Carmel-by-the-Sea%2C_California" title="Carmel-by-the-Sea, California">Carmel-by-the-Sea, California</a>—closely regulate, even exclude, chain stores. They don't exclude the chain itself, only the standardized formula the chain uses, described as "formula businesses".<a href="#cite_note-malibu-33">[33]</a> For example, there could often be a restaurant owned by <a href="McDonald's" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> that sells hamburgers, but not the formula franchise operation with the golden arches and standardized menu, uniforms, and procedures. The reason these towns regulate chain stores is aesthetics and tourism.<a href="#cite_note-malibu-33">[33]</a> Proponents of formula restaurants and formula retail allege the restrictions are used to protect independent businesses from competition.<a href="#cite_note-ilsr-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Formula_restaurant" title="Formula restaurant">Formula restaurant</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_bookstore_chains" title="List of bookstore chains">List of bookstore chains</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Canadian_clothing_store_chains" title="List of Canadian clothing store chains">List of Canadian clothing store chains</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_clothing_and_footwear_shops_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of clothing and footwear shops in the United Kingdom">List of clothing and footwear shops in the United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_restaurant_chains" title="List of restaurant chains">List of restaurant chains</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_supermarket_chains" title="List of supermarket chains">List of supermarket chains</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/companies/wal-mart-stores/">"Wal-Mart Stores on the Forbes Global 2000 List"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518010517/http://www.forbes.com/companies/wal-mart-stores/">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/markets/article/wh-smith-expansion-is-given-wings-with-takeover-of-marshall-retail-7c9pxxcmg">"WH Smith expansion is given wings with takeover of Marshall Retail"</a>. <a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. Retrieved June 22, 2022. <q>WH Smith is the world's oldest national retail chain after being started by Henry Smith as a newspaper shop in 1792</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-HIS-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HIS_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIS_3-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whsmithplc.co.uk/about_whsmith/history_of_whsmith/">"History of WHSmith - About WHSmith"</a>. Whsmithplc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229131447/http://www.whsmithplc.co.uk/about_whsmith/history_of_whsmith">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2018.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whsmithplc.co.uk/about_whsmith/our_stores/">"Our stores - About WHSmith"</a>. Whsmithplc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026164026/http://www.whsmithplc.co.uk/about_whsmith/our_stores/">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2018.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Marc Levinson, The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America, 2nd ed (2019), p. 14.

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Levinson, p. 67.

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<li id="cite_note-PANTH-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PANTH_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PANTH_7-1">b</a> Le Pantheon de L'Industrie, Paris, 1891, Page 20

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLebhar_GM1952" class="citation book cs1">Lebhar GM (1952). Chain Stores in America: 1859–1950. New York: Chain Store Publishing Corp. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/243136">243136</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Levinson, p. 122.

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<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarter2018" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Clint (November 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/322966">"RadioShack Is Now Selling in Unexpected Places. Will Anyone Buy?"</a>. Entrepreneur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201051232/https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/322966">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7710038/bob-higgins-trans-world-fye-dead-at-75">"Bob Higgins, Pioneering Founder of Trans World and FYE, Dead at 75"</a>. Billboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206212718/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7710038/bob-higgins-trans-world-fye-dead-at-75">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Jakle_Sculle_2002-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Jakle_Sculle_2002_26-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJakleSculle2002" class="citation book cs1">Jakle, J.A.; Sculle, K.A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nYcgnWKWXgC&pg=PA68">Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age</a>. The road and American culture. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 68–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8018-6920-4</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192705/https://books.google.com/books?id=0nYcgnWKWXgC&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-07-20-chain-stores_x.htm">"USATODAY.com - Cities put shackles on chain stores"</a>. Usatoday30.usatoday.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312180617/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-07-20-chain-stores_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2018.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/09/realestate/commercial/09chain.html">"Cape Cod Residents Keep the Chain Stores Out"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118162130/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/09/realestate/commercial/09chain.html">Archived</a> November 18, 2016, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> article by Beth Greenfield June 8, 2010

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Carroll, Glenn R., and Magnus Thor Torfason. "Restaurant Organizational Forms and Community in the US in 2005." City & Community 10#1 (2011): 1–24.</li>

<li>Ingram, Paul, and <a href="Hayagreeva_Rao" title="Hayagreeva Rao">Hayagreeva Rao</a>. "Store Wars: The Enactment and Repeal of Anti-Chain-Store Legislation in America." American Journal of Sociology 110#2 (2004): 446–487.</li>

<li>Lebhar, Godfrey Montague, and W. C. Shaw. Chain stores in America, 1859-1962 (Chain Store Publishing Corporation, 1963).</li>

<li>Levinson, Marc. "The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America" (2019). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-578-56210-0</bdi>.</li>

<li>Matsunaga, Louella. The changing face of Japanese retail: Working in a chain store (Routledge, 2012).</li>

<li>Newman, Benjamin J., and John V. Kane. "Backlash against the 'Big Box', Local Small Business and Public Opinion toward Business Corporations." Public Opinion Quarterly 78#4 (2014): 984–1002.</li>

<li>Phillips, Charles F. "The Chain Store in the United States and Canada," American Economic Review 27#1 (1937), pp. 87–95 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1803819">in JSTOR</a></li>

<li>Schragger, Richard. "The Anti-Chain Store Movement, Localist Ideology, and the Remnants of the Progressive Constitution, 1920-1940." Iowa Law Review 90 (2005): 1011+.</li>

<li>Scroop, Daniel. "The anti-chain store movement and the politics of consumption." American Quarterly 60#4 (2008): 925–949.</li>

<li>Winship, Janice. "Culture of restraint: the British chain store 1920–39." Commercial Cultures: Economies, Practices, Spaces 31 (2000).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chain_stores" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Chain stores">Chain stores</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Counter_display_unit" title="Counter display unit">Counter display unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Display_stand" title="Display stand">Display stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Endcap" title="Endcap">Endcap</a></li>

<li><a href="Facing_(retail)" title="Facing (retail)">Facing</a></li>

<li><a href="Endcap" title="Endcap">Free standing display unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Gondola_(retail)" title="Gondola (retail)">Gondola</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_retail" title="History of retail">History of retail</a></li>

<li><a href="Merchandising" title="Merchandising">Merchandising</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Point_of_sale_display" title="Point of sale display">Point of sale display</a></li>

<li><a href="Retail_design" title="Retail design">Retail design</a></li>

<li><a href="Mall_kiosk" title="Mall kiosk">Retail merchandising unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-service" title="Self-service">Self-service</a></li>

<li><a href="Shelf-ready_packaging" title="Shelf-ready packaging">Shelf-ready packaging</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">By product</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Alcohol</a></li>

<li><a href="Antique_shop" title="Antique shop">Antiques</a></li>

<li><a href="Filling_station" title="Filling station">Automotive fuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_part_retailer" title="Automotive part retailer">Automotive parts</a></li>

<li><a href="Beauty_store" title="Beauty store">Beauty products</a></li>

<li><a href="Bookstore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookstore">Books</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis_retail_outlet" title="Cannabis retail outlet">Cannabis</a></li>

<li><a href="Catering" title="Catering">Catering</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_catering" title="Mobile catering">Mobile</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chocolaterie" title="Chocolaterie">Chocolate</a></li>

<li><a href="Clothes_shop" title="Clothes shop">Clothes</a></li>

<li><a href="Comics_retailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics retailer">Comics</a></li>

<li><a href="Confectionery_store" title="Confectionery store">Confectionery</a></li>

<li><a href="Consumer_electronics_store" title="Consumer electronics store">Consumer electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Bike_shop" title="Bike shop">Cycles</a></li>

<li><a href="Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop">Doujin shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Dry_goods" title="Dry goods">Dry goods</a></li>

<li><a href="Tack_shop" title="Tack shop">Equestrian supplies</a></li>

<li><a href="Eyewear#Eyewear_retail" title="Eyewear">Eyewear</a></li>

<li><a href="Florist" class="mw-redirect" title="Florist">Flowers</a></li>

<li><a href="Foodservice" title="Foodservice">Foodservice</a></li>

<li><a href="Fruit_stand" title="Fruit stand">Fruit stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Furniture_retailer" title="Furniture retailer">Furniture</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Grow_shop" title="Grow shop">Gardening supplies</a></li>

<li><a href="General_line_of_merchandise" title="General line of merchandise">General merchandise</a></li>

<li><a href="Greengrocer" title="Greengrocer">Greengrocer</a></li>

<li><a href="Grocery_store" title="Grocery store">Grocery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Public_grocery_store" title="Public grocery store">Public grocery</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_store" title="Hardware store">Hardware</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_food_store" title="Health food store">Health food</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbal_tea_shop" title="Herbal tea shop">Herbal tea</a></li>

<li><a href="Hobby_shop" title="Hobby shop">Hobby supplies</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_decor_retailer" title="Home decor retailer">Home decor</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_improvement_center" title="Home improvement center">Home improvement products</a></li>

<li><a href="Ironmongery" title="Ironmongery">Ironmongery</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewellery_store" title="Jewellery store">Jewellery</a></li>

<li><a href="Lingerie_retailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingerie retailer">Lingerie</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumber_yard" title="Lumber yard">Lumber</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_store" title="Magic store">Magic supplies</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmacy_(shop)" title="Pharmacy (shop)">Medications</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbal_store" title="Herbal store">Medicinal plants</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_retailers" class="mw-redirect" title="Music retailers">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_instrument_retailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical instrument retailer">Musical instruments</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_supply_retailing" title="Office supply retailing">Office supplies</a></li>

<li><a href="Outdoor_retailer" title="Outdoor retailer">Outdoor equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Party_store" title="Party store">Party supplies</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_accessory_retailer" title="Personal accessory retailer">Personal accessories</a></li>

<li><a href="Pet_store" title="Pet store">Pets and pet supplies</a></li>

<li><a href="Real_estate_agent" title="Real estate agent">Real estate</a></li>

<li><a href="Bot%C3%A1nica" title="Botánica">Religious goods</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sexual goods</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoemaking#Shoe_store" title="Shoemaking">Shoes</a></li>

<li><a href="Skate_shop" title="Skate shop">Skateboarding supplies</a></li>

<li><a href="Sporting_goods_retailer" title="Sporting goods retailer">Sporting goods</a></li>

<li><a href="Survival_store" title="Survival store">Survival equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Box_office" title="Box office">Tickets</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ticket_resale" title="Ticket resale">Resale</a>

<ul><li><a href="Online_ticket_brokering" title="Online ticket brokering">Online</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tobacconist" title="Tobacconist">Tobacco</a></li>

<li><a href="Vape_shop" title="Vape shop">Vaping products</a></li>

<li><a href="Car_dealership" title="Car dealership">Vehicles</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_retailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game retailer">Video games</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Retail_format" title="Retail format">By format</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anchor_tenant" title="Anchor tenant">Anchor tenant</a></li>

<li><a href="Automat" title="Automat">Automat</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_retail" title="Automated retail">Automated retail</a></li>

<li><a href="Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">Big-box store</a></li>

<li><a href="Boutique" title="Boutique">Boutique</a></li>

<li><a href="Brick_and_mortar" title="Brick and mortar">Brick and mortar</a></li>

<li><a href="Jumble_sale" title="Jumble sale">Bring and buy sale</a></li>

<li><a href="Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Cash_and_carry" title="Cash and carry">Cash and carry</a></li>

<li><a href="Cashierless_store" title="Cashierless store">Cashierless store</a></li>

<li><a href="Category_killer" title="Category killer">Category killer</a></li>

<li><a href="Charity_shop" title="Charity shop">Charity shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Closeout_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Closeout store">Closeout store</a></li>

<li><a href="Company_store" title="Company store">Company store</a></li>

<li><a href="Consignment#Second-hand_shops" title="Consignment">Consignment shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Consignment_store_(East_Asia)" title="Consignment store (East Asia)">Consignment store (East Asia)</a></li>

<li><a href="Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">Convenience store</a>

<ul><li><a href="Automated_convenience_store" title="Automated convenience store">Automated convenience store</a></li>

<li><a href="Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">Corner store</a></li>

<li><a href="Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">Mini market</a></li>

<li><a href="Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">Superette</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dark_store" title="Dark store">Dark store</a></li>

<li><a href="Department_store" title="Department store">Department store</a>

<ul><li><a href="Junior_department_store" title="Junior department store">Junior department store</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_department_store" title="Public department store">Public department store</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Discount_store" title="Discount store">Discount store</a></li>

<li><a href="E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Estate_sale" title="Estate sale">Estate sale</a></li>

<li><a href="Experiential_retail" title="Experiential retail">Experiential commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Experiential_retail" title="Experiential retail">Experiential retail</a></li>

<li><a href="Outlet_store" title="Outlet store">Factory outlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Outlet_store" title="Outlet store">Factory store</a></li>

<li><a href="Pop-up_retail" title="Pop-up retail">Flash retailing</a></li>

<li><a href="Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Freeshop</a></li>

<li><a href="Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Free store</a></li>

<li><a href="Garage_sale" title="Garage sale">Garage sale</a></li>

<li><a href="General_store" title="General store">General store</a></li>

<li><a href="Haberdasher" title="Haberdasher">Haberdasher</a></li>

<li><a href="High_Street" title="High Street">High Street</a></li>

<li><a href="Honesty_box" title="Honesty box">Honesty box</a></li>

<li><a href="Charity_shop" title="Charity shop">Hospice shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">Hyperstore</a></li>

<li><a href="Immersive_commerce" title="Immersive commerce">Immersive commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Cash_and_carry" title="Cash and carry">Inspect and pay</a></li>

<li><a href="Jumble_sale" title="Jumble sale">Jumble sale</a></li>

<li><a href="Lifestyle_store" title="Lifestyle store">Lifestyle store</a></li>

<li><a href="Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main Street</a></li>

<li><a href="Mall_kiosk" title="Mall kiosk">Mall kiosk</a></li>

<li><a href="Marketplace" title="Marketplace">Market</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li>

<li><a href="Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Christmas market</a></li>

<li><a href="Grey_market" title="Grey market">Dark market</a></li>

<li><a href="Dry_goods" title="Dry goods">Dry market</a></li>

<li><a href="Grey_market" title="Grey market">Grey market</a></li>

<li><a href="Farmers'_market" title="Farmers' market">Farmers' market</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_market" title="Fish market">Fish market</a></li>

<li><a href="Flea_market" title="Flea market">Flea market</a></li>

<li><a href="Floating_market" title="Floating market">Floating market</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypermarket" title="Hypermarket">Hypermarket</a></li>

<li><a href="Marketplace" title="Marketplace">Marketplace</a>

<ul><li><a href="Online_marketplace" title="Online marketplace">Online marketplace</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Market_stall" title="Market stall">Market booth</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_hall" title="Market hall">Market hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_stall" title="Market stall">Market stall</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_square" title="Market square">Market square</a></li>

<li><a href="Meat_market" title="Meat market">Meat market</a></li>

<li><a href="Marketplace" title="Marketplace">Mercado</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasar_pagi" title="Pasar pagi">Morning market</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pasar_pagi" title="Pasar pagi">Pasar pagi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Night_market" title="Night market">Night market</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pasar_malam" title="Pasar malam">Pasar malam</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Street_market" title="Street market">Open-air market</a></li>

<li><a href="Palengke" title="Palengke">Palengke</a></li>

<li><a href="Pannier_market" title="Pannier market">Pannier market</a></li>

<li><a href="Wet_market" title="Wet market">Public market</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_market" title="Street market">Street market</a></li>

<li><a href="Supermarket" title="Supermarket">Supermarket</a>

<ul><li><a href="Warehouse_store" title="Warehouse store">warehouse supermarket</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tianguis" title="Tianguis">Tianguis</a></li>

<li><a href="Wet_market" title="Wet market">Traditional market</a></li>

<li><a href="Wet_market" title="Wet market">Wet market</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">Megastore</a></li>

<li><a href="Micro-retailing" title="Micro-retailing">Micro-retailing</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_cooperative" title="Military cooperative">Military cooperative</a></li>

<li><a href="Garage_sale" title="Garage sale">Moving sale</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-store_retailing" title="Non-store retailing">Non-store retailing</a></li>

<li><a href="Off-price" title="Off-price">Off-price</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnichannel_retail_strategy" title="Omnichannel retail strategy">Omnichannel retail strategy</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_grocer" title="Online grocer">Online grocer</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online retailing</a></li>

<li><a href="Charity_shop" title="Charity shop">Opportunity shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Outlet_store" title="Outlet store">Outlet store</a></li>

<li><a href="Pop-up_retail" title="Pop-up retail">Pop-up retail</a></li>

<li><a href="Pop-up_retail" title="Pop-up retail">Pop-up store</a></li>

<li><a href="Pretail" title="Pretail">Pretail</a></li>

<li><a href="Charity_shop" title="Charity shop">Resale shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Mall_kiosk" title="Mall kiosk">Retail kiosk</a></li>

<li><a href="Jumble_sale" title="Jumble sale">Rummage sale</a></li>

<li><a href="Second-hand_shop" title="Second-hand shop">Second-hand shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping center</a>

<ul><li><a href="Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">Big-box center</a></li>

<li><a href="Neighborhood_shopping_center#Versus_other_formats" title="Neighborhood shopping center">Community center</a></li>

<li><a href="Festival_marketplace" title="Festival marketplace">Festival center</a></li>

<li><a href="Festival_marketplace" title="Festival marketplace">Festival marketplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Galleria</a></li>

<li><a href="Lifestyle_center" title="Lifestyle center">Lifestyle center</a></li>

<li><a href="Neighborhood_shopping_center" title="Neighborhood shopping center">Neighborhood shopping center</a></li>

<li><a href="Shopping_center#Outlet_centre" title="Shopping center">Outlet center</a></li>

<li><a href="Shopping_center#Outlet_centre" title="Shopping center">Outlet mall</a></li>

<li><a href="Shopping_center#Shopping_precinct_/_Pedestrian_mall" title="Shopping center">Pedestrian mall</a></li>

<li><a href="Strip_mall" title="Strip mall">Plaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">Power center</a></li>

<li><a href="Retail_park" title="Retail park">Retail park</a></li>

<li><a href="Shopping_center#Shopping_arcade" title="Shopping center">Shopping arcade</a></li>

<li><a href="Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">Shopping mall</a></li>

<li><a href="Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping plaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Shopping_center#Shopping_precinct_/_Pedestrian_mall" title="Shopping center">Shopping precinct</a></li>

<li><a href="Strip_mall" title="Strip mall">Strip center</a></li>

<li><a href="Strip_mall" title="Strip mall">Strip mall</a></li>

<li><a href="Strip_mall" title="Strip mall">Strip plaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Festival_marketplace" title="Festival marketplace">Theme center</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Showroom" title="Showroom">Showroom</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartstores" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartstores">Smartstore</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Specialty_store" title="Specialty store">Specialty store</a></li>

<li><a href="Store-within-a-store" title="Store-within-a-store">Store-in-store</a></li>

<li><a href="Store-within-a-store" title="Store-within-a-store">Store-within-a-store</a></li>

<li><a href="Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">Supercenter</a></li>

<li><a href="Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">Superstore</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Indoor_swap_meet" title="Indoor swap meet">Indoor swap meet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Charity_shop" title="Charity shop">Thrift store</a></li>

<li><a href="Unmanned_store" title="Unmanned store">Unmanned store</a></li>

<li><a href="Variety_store" title="Variety store">Variety store</a>

<ul><li><a href="Variety_store#Dollar_stores" title="Variety store">Dollar store</a></li>

<li><a href="Variety_store#Five_and_dime_stores" title="Variety store">Five and dime store</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">Vending machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Warehouse_club" title="Warehouse club">Warehouse club</a></li>

<li><a href="Warehouse_store" title="Warehouse store">Warehouse store</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Web store</a></li>

<li><a href="White_elephant_sale" title="White elephant sale">White elephant sale</a></li>

<li><a href="Warehouse_club" title="Warehouse club">Wholesale club</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabber" title="Arabber">Arabber</a></li>

<li><a href="Boutique" title="Boutique">Boutique</a></li>

<li><a href="Braderie" title="Braderie">Braderie</a></li>

<li><a href="Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Concession_stand" title="Concession stand">Concession stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawker_centre" title="Hawker centre">Cooked food centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Costermonger" title="Costermonger">Costermonger</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_selling" title="Direct selling">Direct sellers</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_booth" title="Food booth">Food booth</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_court" title="Food court">Food court</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_booth" title="Food booth">Food kiosk</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_booth" title="Food booth">Food stall</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_booth" title="Food booth">Food stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_truck" title="Food truck">Food truck</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawker_(trade)" title="Hawker (trade)">Hawker</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawker_centre" title="Hawker centre">Hawker centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_cream_van" title="Ice cream van">Ice cream truck</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_cream_van" title="Ice cream van">Ice cream van</a></li>

<li><a href="Museum_shop" title="Museum shop">Museum shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Peddler" title="Peddler">Peddler</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmacy_(shop)" title="Pharmacy (shop)">Pharmacies</a></li>

<li><a href="Concession_stand" title="Concession stand">Refreshment stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Snack_bar" title="Snack bar">Snack bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Snack_bar" title="Snack bar">Snack kiosk</a></li>

<li><a href="Gift_shop" title="Gift shop">Souvenir shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Surplus_store" title="Surplus store">Surplus store</a></li>

<li><a href="Tax-free_shopping" title="Tax-free shopping">Tax-free shopping</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507619#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1425" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507619#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4158999-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85022338">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976181v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976181v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573590">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284795305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/17e57407-7402-4048-84ae-61ec698755dc">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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